This is three night’s assignments. Turn them in together when you have completed all.
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First Night
Read 134-140 (up to coupled reactions)
1. Using the terms “work” and “force,” define energy.
2. Distinguish between the terms potential, kinetic, and free energy.
3. What are some of the forms in which energy is expressed? Cite real-life examples of energy going through several conversions.
4. State the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.
5. Using the First and Second Laws, explain why life is improbable in a closed system.
6. Define enthalpy.
7. Give a mathematical expression defining the relationship between energy and entropy.
8. Explain the statement, “Entropy is the inverse of free energy.”
9. What is the symbol for free energy?
10. Define exergonic and endergonic reactions. Give an example of each.
11. Describe the relationship between reactants and products.
12. Describe "dynamic eqilibrium".
Second night Read 140-144
13. What is a coupled reaction?
14. Carefully describe the structure of ATP and point out specifically where the energy-rich bonds are located.
15. Describe a phosphorylation reaction. Why are these used by the cell?
16. Compare the energy yield in pyrophosphate and other bonds. How is the difference explained? (The term pyrophosphate describes the bond between the phosphates in ATP)
17. How is ATP regenerated?
18. If ATP were not regenerated continuously, how much new ATP would be needed by a human each day?
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Third Night
Finish reading Chapter 6.
19. Define the terms "reduction" and "oxidation".
20 What type of molecule is NAD? How is it used to transfer hydrogen?
21. What is energy of activation and what does it have to do with chemical reactions?
22. How does an enzyme affect energy of activation?
23. What is a substrate?
24. What is an active site?
25. Explain the Induced fit hypothesis.
26. Do enzymes actually become a part of the chemical reactions they catelyze? Explain.
27. Summarize the effect of temperature and pH on enzymatic reactions.
28. Using the allosteric site as an example, explain how negative feedback operates in biological systems. Why is such an automated process valuable and necessary?
(Note: Negative feedback is another commonly used expression for feedback inhibition.)